Skip to Main Content

Writing a Paper

3. Evaluating Your Sources

You should always evaluate the information included in your assignments. One way to evaluate information is to use the CRAAP test:

Currency: 
  • How recently was the information posted or published?
  • Has the information been updated or revised recently?
  • Is your topic one where older historical information is appropriate or do you need the most current information you can find?
Relevance:
  • How does your topic relate to the information in the source you're considering?
  • Is the information at the appropriate, neither too advanced nor too basic, level for your assignment?
Authority:
  • Who is the author, publisher, or sponsor of the source?
  • Are they qualified to write on the topic?
  • Does the source provide contact information for the author or publisher?
Accuracy:
  • Where does the information come from?
  • Is it supported by evidence?
  • Has it been vetted by others in the profession, such as in a peer reviewed or refereed journal?
  • Can you verify the information in another source?
  • Is it written with unemotional, unbiased tone and language?
  • Is the information well-written, free of grammatical and typographic errors? 
Purpose:
  • What is the purpose of the information source you are considering?
  • Is the author teaching, persuading, entertaining, or possibly selling something?
  • Is the purpose of the source clear?
  • What biases can you see in the source?

Additional resources: